Bangladeshs Rising Seas

The global average air and ocean temperatures take been gradually increasing from 1880-2010 (Fig.one) This increase in temperature melted a massive amount of ice and snowfall globally which ultimately, caused the global average bounding main level to too rise (Fig.2). The Earth's average surface temperature rose by 0.74 ± 0.xviii°C over the flow 1906–2005.  Global average body of water level rose at an average charge per unit of most three.1 mm per year from 1993 to 2003(Fig ii).

The potential full sea level rise over the menstruation of the end of the 21st century relative to the end of the 20th century is estimated to be an increment in the body of water level between xviii and 59 cm. The primary consequence of the ascension of sea levels is the touch on deltas and small-scale isle states that undergo coastal inundations. The reason for this is because deltas and pocket-size island states are vulnerable to body of water level rising because of their size and height to a higher place sea level. The flooding of coasts that are highly populated volition crusade a major impact in the economic and social dilemmas of the future.

Furthermore, this report will hash out the hereafter of Bangladesh since People's republic of bangladesh is the most vulnerable to bounding main-level rise. Bangladesh is very low-lying and sits on the northern function of the sea that is close to the Bay of Bengal. In addition to being one of the world'south poorest nations, this country has also experienced many catastrophic events in the past such every bit astringent storm surges.

Global Warming and Bounding main Level Rise

Water temperature tends to lag the full general surface temperature because of the phenomenon of latent heat which is the heat absorbed or released by a chemical substance. Energy must be taken from the environs for water or ice to movement to a less ordered state. Thus, energy in the form of rut from the air will exist transferred to the liquid water or solid ice. This is chosen the absorption of latent estrus which causes the temperature of water to lag the general surface temperature. There are 2 major reasons for relationship between global warming and increased ocean level: thermal expansion and the contribution of country-based ice.

Thermal Expansion of Water

Thermal expansion of water occurs when the temperature of h2o increases which causes the water molecules to aggrandize and change in volume. When water is heated, the atoms in the water molecules begin to proceeds kinetic energy and move at a greater rate. H2o is a very unique substance. It will expand when heated but in the range of nigh 0-four°C, water will undergo negative thermal expansion rather than thermal wrinkle.

Ice Melting

The business concern for water ice melting is for state-based ice because a larger amount of h2o flows into the sea on the ascension of the sea level to exist more than evident. Every bit stated earlier, equally bounding main water freezes, it undergoes negative thermal expansion. The liquid water will expand into floating ice and displace water. Thus, the melting of ice does not have a big impact on the modify of sea level. The main storage of water on state is located in ice sheets and glaciers. Partial melting of the Greenland ice sheet and possibly the West Antarctic ice sheet, could contribute four-6 metres or more to sea level ascension projections.

The IPCC 2001 Third Assessment has been replaced (Fig. 3) by the IPCC 2007 Fourth Assessment due to false predictions which underestimates the true rise of the sea level. SRES emissions scenarios are projections that estimate future development of the economy. Beyond the six SRES marker scenarios, bounding main level was projected to rise by 18 to 59 cm for the fourth dimension menstruum 2090-99. The Rignot projection suggests that the body of water level rise would achieve 32 centimetres past 2050 due to the melting of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. Projections after 2100 include the continuation of the melting of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet. The estimated timescale for partial melting would contribute four to six metres or more to body of water level rising over this period. In general, the cause of most of these future projections of body of water level ascent is due to rapid change of the glaciers and ice sheets.

Bangladesh

Bangladesh is located in South Asia and is bordered by India on the majority of the sides except for a tiny part where it is bordered with Myanmar to the southeast towards the southern Bay of Bengal (Fig. 4).

The population of Bangladesh is approximately 142.3 million and it is the most densely populated large country in the world. Bangladesh is also one of the poorest nations and relies heavily on foreign aid. The main source of income for the majority of the people of People's republic of bangladesh involves working in agriculture and as well producing other appurtenances such as leather, textiles, ceramics and fish farming. Thus, natural disasters such every bit flood and cyclonic storms accept large impacts on both the economy and the lives of many people.

Geography

People's republic of bangladesh is a very flat land that has a very shut proximity to the electric current bounding main level and lies in the Ganges-Brahmaputra or Ganges Delta (Fig. 5). The majority of Bangladesh is less than 12m to a higher place sea level and many parts of People's republic of bangladesh that are indicated in red are near or close to the river systems (Fig. iv). Thus, the likelihood of floods in People's republic of bangladesh is loftier due to the depression height to a higher place sea level. Bangladesh also holds the most trans-boundary rivers with a large number of 57, resulting in many complicated h2o problems. 8 Unfortunately, these fertile plains are vulnerable to flood and drought.

The rivers of Bangladesh play a major function in the physical geography of Bangladesh. The larger rivers of Bangladesh serve as transportations for fabric goods. They are also the main source to raise crops, thus flooding of rivers is extremely devastating and quite frequent. On the contrary, the fresh deposits of the rich silt provide a great source of nutrient to the soil. Therefore, the nifty river system is both beneficial and hazardous to the state.

Climate

Bangladesh climate is tropical with a mild winter from Oct to March, a hot, humid summer from March to June. 8 Bangladesh experiences much heavy rain falls and has high average precipitation. The majority of the rain falls occur during the monsoon season which is a result of the difference betwixt high and low air pressures acquired by differential heating of land and water. The climate of Bangladesh contributes to much of the natural disasters including tropical cyclones and floodings.

Storms of the Bay of Bengal

The Bay of Bengal is situated in the n-eastern office of the Indian Ocean and is the largest bay in the world. The climate of the Bay of Bengal consists of a lot of heavy monsoons. The continental pressure arrangement changes during the wintertime and summertime from high to depression which produce northeast and southwest monsoons respectively. Also, in spring and fall seasons, powerful cyclones ascend and produce very stiff winds and subsequently, devastating floods.

Storms in the Bay

The 1991 Bangladesh cyclone occurred on April 29th, 1991 and is one of the deadliest tropical cyclones killing at least 138, 000.  A very stiff tropical whirlwind carried winds at 250 km/h. With the speed of the wind, the low force per unit area and loftier tide, the storm surge was extremely catastrophic. This triggered a vi metre storm surge that carried inwards over an extensive area and causing many deaths. The tempest surge was able to travel very far inland. The storm initiated virtually 6,000 km away and the amount of time to reach the declension was around xx days. The growth of the storm was favoured by the temperature of the warm sea and also the weather conditions which enabled the storm grow to a diameter larger than the unabridged country itself.

Storm Mala was another incredibly potent cyclone and was titled the strongest whirlwind in the Bay of Bengal in 2007 before Cyclone Sidr. Mala hit the coast of Burma with winds of 185 km/h causing $half-dozen.vii one thousand thousand in damages and at to the lowest degree 22 deaths. The southern Bay of Bengal consisted of an area of convection that initially had weak currents in mid- to tardily-April. The Cyclonic Tempest of Mala began to intensify equally favourable conditions such as low pressure connected.

The strongest cyclone in the Bay of Bengal was Cyclone Sidr with air current speeds of 260 km/h. The tempest triggered large-calibration evacuations and an estimated number of deaths to be upwardly to x,000 people. Throughout the country, heavy precipitation were experienced initially. The cyclone struck offshore islands in the Bay of Bengal and slowly downgraded to a Category 2 storm while information technology moved northward into the central Bangladesh.

The worst natural disaster to exist recorded in Burma would be Cyclone Nargis. It powerful tropical whirlwind triggered a landfall killing at least 138, 000 people and causing major destruction on May 2, 2008. Cyclone Nargis initially developed in central Bay of Bengal and then encountered favourable atmospheric condition which caused the tempest to intensify to wind speeds to at least 165 km/h. The intensity of the storm finally decreased near the border of Burma and Thailand.

An increase in water level on an offshore that is affiliated with a low pressure level weather organization is known every bit a storm surge (Fig.vi). A storm surge typically involves strong winds that force great force per unit area on the ocean'due south surface. This causes a rising in sea level from the accumulation of h2o existence piled up past the high winds. Another gene that causes a rising in body of water level is the depression pressure at the center of the weather system. In add-on to Bangladesh's geography and region, the effects of both stiff winds over the shallow h2o in People's republic of bangladesh and low pressure causes extremely harmful storm surge flooding bug in Bangladesh.

Global Warming and the Futurity of Bangladesh

Since the global average air and ocean temperatures are gradually increasing, this affects the time to come of Bangladesh to be at a college gamble of more disastrous events. Global warming will trigger a chain of unfortunate events. Initially, global warming will crusade the sea level to rise due to thermal expansion and the contribution of country-based water ice. In improver to Bangladesh being highly populated with a poor economy and a low-lying land, the combination of these factors will identify Bangladesh at take chances to a very disastrous situation in the hereafter.

Although at that place is still uncertainty to whether the temperature of the sea water affects cyclonic storms, the present report does evidence a proficient relationship between both ocean and atmospheric variables and severe cyclonic storms. The study shows that an increase in the ocean surface temperature may be responsible for extreme conditions. Scientific inquiry suggests that warmer water dissipates more readily into vapour, making it easier for small body of water storms to become larger and more powerful. The effects of higher sea temperatures will too form more frequent tropical storms and cyclones. Due to Bangladesh's low acme, each year around 18% of the land is flooded (about 26, 000 km^two) and during severe floods, the percent may exceed 75% of the country's area which is about 95% of the total annual flow.

As of March 2011, there are 6.5 million people in People's republic of bangladesh that are climate refugees and the People's republic of bangladesh Regime is emphasizing on relocating these refugees in strange countries. Clan for Climate Refugees has already begun to relocate them within the country borders and likewise other civil order groups are too in the progress of creating a framework to protect and rehabilitate climate refugees.

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